Higher Ed. Anniversary

In August 1990, Pope John Paul II published an apostolic constitution on higher education titled Ex Corde Ecclesia. Among other things, the document calls for renewal in Catholic identity at Catholic higher education institutions. In the 20 years since, noticeable changes in Catholic higher education have taken form. For example, Catholic colleges and universities have seen an increase in student enrollment since 1990 of 24% (Source: U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Science National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Data System, IPEDS Data Center). 

 

Catholic colleges and universities were called to integrate their Catholic identity throughout the university in the document.  From Ex Corde Ecclesia:

"In a Catholic University, therefore, Catholic ideals, attitudes and principles penetrate and inform university activities in accordance with the proper nature and autonomy of these activities. In a word, being both a University and Catholic, it must be both a community of scholars representing various branches of human knowledge, and an academic institution in which Catholicism is vitally present and operative.”

Since the publication of the document, the number of incoming freshman citing the importance of the religious orientation/affiliation of the university at Catholic higher education institutions has risen slightly, from 13% in 1990 to almost 16% in 2009 saying the religious orientation/affiliation is “very important” (Source:  Higher Education Research Institute Cooperative Institutional Research Program, The Freshman Survey).  

Increases in the attraction to the religious orientation/affiliation of Catholic colleges and universities are higher at those schools where it is more difficult to gain admissions. Incoming freshmen at Catholic colleges and universities with high selectivity were more likely than those attending institutions with lower selectivity to say the religious orientation/affiliation of the Catholic institution was “very important” to them.

--By, Melissa A. Cidade, Director of CARA Parish Surveys

Diversification

According to the results of recent CARA Catholic Polls (CCP), generational changes are underway that are transforming the demography of the U.S. Catholic population. Through a combination of immigration and different fertility rates among sub-groups of the population, racial and ethnic identities of the Catholic population now vary significantly by generation.

CARA generally groups Catholics into four generations:

• The “Pre-Vatican II Generation,” ages 68 and over in 2010. The Pre-Vatican II Generation was born in 1942 or earlier. Its members came of age before the Second Vatican Council. Members of the Pre-Vatican II Generation currently make up about 12 percent of the Catholic population.
• The “Vatican II Generation,” ages 50-67 in 2010.  These are the “baby boomers” who were born between 1943 and 1960, a time of great demographic and economic growth. They came of age during the time of the Second Vatican Council and their formative years likely spanned that time of profound changes in the Church. Vatican II Generation parishioners currently make up 31 percent of the Catholic population.
• The “Post-Vatican II Generation,” ages 29-49 in 2010. Born between 1961 and 1981, this generation, sometimes called “Generation X” or “baby busters” by demographers, has no lived experience of the pre-Vatican II Church. Thirty-eight percent of adult Catholics are members of the Post-Vatican II Generation.  
• The “Millennial Generation,” ages 18-28 in 2010. This generation, born in 1982 or later (up to 1992 among adults), have come of age primarily under the papacies of John Paul II and Benedict XVI. Because some still live with their parents, their religious practice is often closely related to that of their families of origin. Nineteen percent of adult Catholics belong to the Millennial Generation.

As the figure below shows, differences between these groups are not limited to age. Estimates based on the aggregated results of multiple recent CCPs indicate that three in four of the oldest generation of Catholics self-identifies their race and ethnicity as non-Hispanic White. By comparison, just fewer than four in ten of the youngest generation of adult Catholics identifies as such.

Very similar proportions of Catholics self-identify as Black or African American, Asian or Pacific Islander, or Native American across generations. However, the most significant growth occurs among Catholics self-identifying as Hispanic or Latino/a. Just 15 percent of Pre-Vatican II Catholics identified as such, compared to 54 percent of Millennials.

There is a fifth generation on the horizon. Although there is no clear rule for dividing generations it is generally accepted that Catholic children born today are not Millennials (that generation began with those born in 1982 and ends approximately with those born in 2002). There is still much research to be done on Millennials. Generally we can only know about those age 18 or older with surveys. Thus, about half of the Millennial Generation (those born 1993 to 2002) are not in “view” yet of polling. There is no indication that this portion of Millennials or the fifth generation that is being created now will alter this trend toward greater racial and ethnic diversity among the Catholic population.

Love Thy Neighbor: Interfaith marriage and the Catholic/non-Catholic next door

Chester Gillis, Dean of Georgetown College, has an interesting On Faith post on spouses of different religions ahead of Chelsea Clinton’s weekend wedding (she is Methodist and her husband-to-be is Jewish). Dean Gillis focuses on some of the issues and challenges interfaith couples often face.

Sociologists Jim Davidson and Tracy Widman have shown that there is a method of predicting where interfaith marriage is more and less likely among Catholics (see: The Effect of Group Size on Interfaith Marriage Among Catholics, JSSR, Vol. 41, #3). As shown below, their findings remain consistent in the most recent data available (The Official Catholic Directory 2010).

It is almost too simple. The likelihood that a Catholic will marry a non-Catholic is strongly and directly related to the likelihood that a Catholic will be in close proximity to other Catholics. Social scientists have long understood that proximity is an essential factor in the process of romantic pairing. “A strong determinant of your attraction toward others is simply whether you live near them, work next to them, or have frequent [in-person] contact with them” (Andersen and Taylor, Sociology: understanding a diverse society, 2005, p. 126). The data continue to show this is among the most important factors in the new era of online social networking and dating where it is now easier than ever to meet and socialize with fellow Catholics even when there are none living next door (or nearby).

In dioceses where Catholics make up only 10% of the total population, the average percentage of interfaith marriages celebrated in parishes is 41%. By comparison, this average is only 16% where 40% or more of the total population in a diocese is Catholic.  

Overall, 45,792 of the 174,210 marriages celebrated in U.S. Catholic parishes in 2009 were between a Catholic and non-Catholic (26%). This total of course does not include any other marriages outside of the Church involving Catholics that occur in other places of worship or in secular settings. However, a broader portrait is available in a recent CARA national survey of self-identified adult Catholics, where 28% of married respondents (within the Church or elsewhere) indicated their spouse is non-Catholic. Among never-married Catholics in this survey who said they are at least “a little likely” to be married in the future, only 31% of said it is either “somewhat” or “very” important to them that their future spouse be Catholic. 

Contrary to popular opinion or anecdote, interfaith marriages are not becoming more common among Catholics in the United States. The rate of interfaith marriage peaked in the 1970s and 1980s during a period where many young Catholics had left urban communities formerly established by immigrant Catholics in the Northeast and Midwest to live in suburbs and areas of the Sunbelt where fewer Catholics resided. In recent years the percentage of interfaith marriages has declined slightly from that peak as new waves of Catholic immigration have recreated majority Catholic communities in the South and Southwest.

The regression below (where each marker is a diocese) estimates (by the line through the markers) that a diocese where 5% of the population is Catholic will likely have about 39% of the weddings celebrated in parishes involving a Catholic marrying someone who is not Catholic. By comparison, the model estimates this to be 25 percentage points lower, or 14% interfaith in a diocese where the population is 55% Catholic. The model is not perfect and there are many other potential variables that might improve it but by population alone these are the statistical odds and oddities of love… even in the 21st century.

Above photo courtesy of Leo Reynolds at Flickr Creative Commons.